I don't have answers for most of your questions, but for the tile edges, my tiler is using Schluter finishing edges. It comes in a bunch of different styles and finishes.

I've attached a photo from the shower. He's using the same stuff for the kitchen backsplash.

I think you need to draw this out on graph paper to decide which of the possibilities looks best.

The tile guy comes out tomorrow morning to start. I don't have any graph paper on hand. Are tiles usually actual size? For example, four inches is 4 inches and not 3 3/4 inches.

I would also need to account for the grout spacing. I'm not sure how afar they tiles will be spaced. It will make planning it out on graph paper more difficult.

You can print graph paper from the internet. Just google graph paper. Do you have the installation information on the tiles? There should be information somewhere on the tightest grout lines they can accommodate.

I'll print some graph paper. I couldn't find any info on grout lines on the manufacturer's website.

A 4x4 tile should have a 6" width (diamond pattern). Therefore, it seems like it would be a good idea to center it to the stove. There should be a half piece on either side. What are your thoughts on this logic. The range is 30" wide. Thus, it is 15" to either side of the cabinet from the center.

What is the typical grout width? 1/8"?