Sometimes bleeding heart doesn't bloom the first year. I've only grown them in the ground, so don't know how similar their performance is when grown in containers. The only other reasons I can think of that bleeding hearts wouldn't bloom would be if they get too crowded and need to be divided or if they are in almost total shade (they do fine in morning sun/afternoon shade or dappled shade). As far as overwintering, the roots are hardy to zone 3 so the plant should overwinter in the shed just fine. However, I would expect the foliage may freeze, which is fine, as the plant ought to come back from the roots in spring. Also, bleeding hearts sometimes won't bloom if grown in very heavy soil (though they bloomed in Texas for me in black gumbo clay) or in very wet soil.

Is it too late to take out of the pot and plant in the ground? I didn't really have a good ground spot for it when I first bought it. I do now.

Since its roots are so cold-hardy, I think it would be fine if you put it in the ground now.