It looks to be old "wax" or "polish" of some sort. Many of these stained finishes must have a polish (temporary finish is a nice way of saying "polish") added to them every 6 months or so. But that means the polish, like wax in the days of Granmama, has to be REMOVED every 2-3 years (every 6th application = chemical and mechanical stripping then reapplication of the polish). It can be a never ending cycle of polishing and stripping.

How old is the floor? What has been your cleaning/polishing routine in the past?

Moisture migrating up from below is under the finish. It’s not really resolvable, and the hydrostatic pressure of the water vapor will pop off any film forming finish that exists, much less making wax cloudy and nasty looking.. That needed a sub slab vapor barrier and insulation at the time of the build. And control joints. Grind it off and put down a porcelain tile that resembles stained concrete. Or engineered wood.

I’m not sure how old the floor is, it was in place when I bought my house about 5 years ago

For awhile, I had a house cleaner so I’m not sure what they used on the floor. I generally use a ph balanced cleaner. But I have also used Rejuvenate and Begleys best earth on it more recently. Sounds like it may be over due for a new polish.

Hoping it’s not the moisture issue mentioned in the prior comment

As it is possible to get salt deposits (efflorescence) underneath the finish due to moisture movement, I'm not seeing that. I'm seeing 'cleaning swirls' made by a mop application.

Here's what tells me I'm on to something: "But I have also used Rejuvenate and Begleys best earth on it more recently."

You have too many chemicals on the floor. You will want to purchase or rent a floor buffing machine (remember the old buffers Grandma had for her linoleum....yep...one of those...go ahead and buy one - you're going to need it).

The two chemicals are now having issues with A) thickness (needs stripping), and B) chemical reaction to each other (never should have happened in the first place).

So....go ahead and find a commercial floor stripping chemical that is SAFE with stained concrete. Go ahead and strip the floors of all that paste, etc.

Rinse floor. After that, rinse the floor. And just for fun, rinse the floor (water + shop vac = excellent option...try not to get the carpet in the other room wet!).

Now that you have a CLEAN surface, go ahead and find the APPROPRIATE concrete polish designed for these floors. And do not use off the shelf stuff. Stick with the stuff professionals use.

Remember to buff in the new polish with clean buffer pads (you will have two sets of pads...one for application and one set for removal). Do this every 6 months for then next 2-3 years. And then strip the floor (as above). Continue with this pattern until you decide to cover the concrete.