I have 2 Kraus stainless sinks...love them. Good price, available on HD and Amazon. Plenty of sizes.

Can’t seem to find the size I need on Kraus

"Cabinet is 24 x 30 which I believe means I can really only fit a 17 / 18 inch (back to front) x 25 (side to side) inch sink. Does this sound right?"

No, it's not right.

A 30" sink will undermount into a 30" cabinet with no problems if strapped, not clipped, in place. I've undermounted 33" sinks into 27" cabinets. You may disregard the sink manufacturer's instructions as to cabinet size.

Here you go. Kraus makes nice sinks.

Yes, a 30" sink can go into your cabinet. Think about your counter space also. A 25" sink is more than large enough to wash anything you use in your kitchen. 30 and 36" sinks are holdovers from the cabinets used for double sinks. For me, counter and a smaller base(not your case), is more functional for best use of space.

Don’t I need some space for the faucet?

Also forgot to mention. Want to put sliding garbage and recycle underneath the sink so I think depth is maxed out at 9inch

You've still got plenty of room for a faucet. Lay it out full scale please.