Damage from roots...very unlikely unless you planted it a foot or two from the concrete.

As far as the hardiness in that spot...where are you located? Spots like that can be done in some areas with a little care, but down in the southeast it is difficult and requires a good deal of attention.

It is not an ideal settting for a Japanese maple regardless of location - I would not even recommend it here in the very mild PNW where JM's generally grow like weeds. I'd pursue alternate choices. If you do decide to plant a JM here, you would have no worries about the roots damaging the foundation - it just won't happen with an Asian maple (provided the foundation is structurally sound to begin with) and the foundation is likely to do more harm to the tree and the root system than the tree would do to it.

Matt,

Japanese maples are versatile plants and some are quite sturdy. What is the soil like in the 10x15 plot? Are you able to keep dogs, cars and people off of it?

You won't have issues with roots your concern is selecting a sturdy cultivar that won't overgrow the space. I'm in a row house in Philly i have plenty of good size JM's.

Also check out Hoshi kuzu. Said to be both wind and sun tolerant.

Cheers

They will live in my area in full sun if the soil is prepared very well and irrigation is applied (most of the time anyway). I have never seen a red cultivar in afternoon sun in my area that did not show some leaf burn by August. Some of the green palmatums do fine in a great deal of sun, but only after a couple of years in the ground in our climate.