Not sure about a vine. You could grow lemon with all it's thorns and just keep them closely pruned so that it keeps only 3 feet out from the fence. Lisbon lemon or also Mexican (Key) lime are very good for this. I have about 120' row along one of my fences. Don't be afraid to plant them close, I used 7' spacing and in 2 years they were a pretty full hedge.
Arthur the date palm guy

Bougainvilla ... as long as it's not near the pool or you want to clean blossoms out frequently.

Hardy, loves heat, and can rip you to shreds with the thorns.

I agree bougainvillea would be the prettiest. Another thorny one would be pycanthra.

Cheek out Cat's Claw vine, it has 3pronged hooked like tendrils. Another good one is Ragoon Creeper.
It's hooks become stronger as it ages. Both vines appreciate protection from the hot afternoon sun.

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