Maybe some type of Verbascum (mullein)? If so, first year produces a basal rosette, second year produces a stalk.
hortster

Thank you!

I googled the images of Verbascums and it looks pretty close to Verbascum phoeniceum, which people sometimes plant on purpose. Maybe I'll let it live and see what color flowers it produces--it might be a good addition to my naturalized gardens. :)

Your plant is much too large to be Verbascus phoeniceum, it looks like Cocklebur, Xanthium, to me.

As deeply wrinkled and differently shaped as those leaves are, it doesn't look like X. strumarium to me.
hortster

The overwintered plant has now flowered.

It turns out that it was not a naturally-occurring weed at all but from an escaped borage seed!

Really nice flower color. Waiting for the flower is often the only sure way to ID. Never have tasted the leaves, I guess it is supposed to taste kind of like cucumber?
hortster

Yes, the flowers taste a bit like cucumber. They are also beloved by the bees, which is perhaps why it gets planted as a companion.

Some people actually gather the flowers and freeze them individually in ice cubes to put in summer drinks! I've never quite found the time for that.