Probably. Are you replacing a sink or reusing a cabinet? Are you doing the installation? What kind of sink?

There can be a variety of fit issues. E.g. a sink with an offset drain may have it too close to the edge to support an extra wide batch-feed disposal even if the sink itself fits in the cabinet. Other issues may be fitting an apron front or supporting a countertop extending over an adjacent dishwasher.

Removing sink and countertop, keeping current cabinets. I currently have a double sink, looking to replace with a Silgranit Super Single, so it will have the side drain. This will require new plumbing, correct? and perhaps lead to the issue you referred to with the extra wide batch?
Is there any way to see if it will fit correctly short of having the actual sink on hand?

If you are getting a batch feed disposal instead of the more common continuous feed, I'd take the time to look up the specifications for the disposal you plan to use (the insinkerator, the waste king, and the various branded 1hp batchfeed insinkerators all have different dimensions) and the specs for the sink to see where the drain is exactly. You just want to check that the radius of the disposal, measured from the center of the drain, doesn't extend past your cabinet wall (and ideally gives you an inch or more clearance). It will probably fit, but it's always good to check first to avoid surprises.

Plumbing will need to be adjusted, but just the under sink stuff, not a big deal (although double check that it isn't coming out the wall too close to where the you will be placing the disposal if the disposal will be in different position).

Awesome. We currently have an insinkerator, so I'll keep this in mind for when the time comes to actually buy and do this thing! I'm loving this place for bringing up all these things I'd never think of!

Will this be an under -mount or drop-in sink?

If under-mount, the overall/exterior width of the sink, including the rim, should be at least 1/2" narrower than the inside space to be sure it will fit without scribing the sink base (preferable).

If drop-in, I recommend the outside width of the bowl (not including the rim) be 1/2" less than the inside opening to ensure it fits without having to scribe/modify the sink base.

If you have 36" of interior width, your sink base must be 37" or so wide...that's an unusual width. Are your cabinets custom?

I have been wondering the same thing, so when I asked a fabricator, this was the response I was given:

To answer your sink question, the overall (outside) dimension of your sink needs to be at least 1.5" less than the width of the base cabinet (from seam to seam)
It would be safe to stick with the same size sink as the one you already have; although, there is usually room underneath to go a little deeper, if you wanted to.

Hope that helps!

It would be undermount. I have no clue if the cabinets are custom. THey were new build in 1986.