Although it is a bit risky, a slight twist on the cutting will show if it has roots forming.
Cuttings that have rotted will easily spin. Those that have rooted will hold against slight pressure twisting.

I'm new to this forum, but I wanted to help.

Doug

I wait for roots coming out the bottom.

Thanks for everyone's responses. I will give them more time as they really have nowhere to go now until April. Do you think it is safe to conclude that these cuttings have failed if no green leafs out after 8 weeks?

Here is one example of a cutting that looks like a dead stick on top, but has actively growing roots.

I've had cuttings take at least 2 months before rooting, just make sure they don't stay too moist or that will make them more prone to rotting in that time.

I just wait for new growth. On most plants that is indicative a roots fueling the new growth.

OK, I guess I need to be more patient. Thank you for your pic, Yeehova. That helps alot. I hope that's what they are doing in my cups. Karen