Pretty much any tree will, provided the soil doesn't dry out and the pot doesn't cook the soil. The only ones that would have trouble are the ones that are young and can't handle the winters. You can bring them indoors in the winter though. If the tree has a tap root, it needs a fairly tall container.

A container is a good way to grow some plants that don't like our soil. They would need more care than one in the ground though. Container plants will do much better if the container is kept close to the size of the root structure (gradually move them up to bigger pots as they grow).

Some trees eventually have large root structures so unless you have a really big container, they would become very stunted and eventually die unless properly pruned (both root pruning and top pruning).

I've grown DWARF citrus in pots for several years with great success (just be sure they're on dwarfing rootstock not standard or semi-dwarf (labels will list the size)). Small palms like Mediterranean and pygmy date palms do great in pots long term in the right conditions. The larger the pot the better, and regular fertilizer after awhile will help too. I think there are quite a few options you can select. Let us know what you choose and how it works out. Happy gardening!

Thanks for your good advise. I think I'll try the Mediterranean palm.