Do your homework here

Unless you snorted the fibers after sanding the tiles ... nothing to worry about.

Your situation would be considered "minute" exposure. So minute as to be very close to "non-existent". It takes DECADES of INTENSE exposure (like working in an Asbestos mine without breathing equipment) to be at risk for future health concerns.

Yes, asbestos is concerning in LARGE quantities - and when airborne (sanded or ground up into a powder). But minuscule - one time - exposures are not something the health community concerns itself about. In fact there are are many States in the Union that allow homeowners to remove their own asbestos without requiring remediation. That allowance is around about 130sf. With 5-6 tiles, you are under 10sf of material removed.

If you wish to assure yourself, and ensure you are disposing of the material properly, you can send away some samples of the tile and the adhesive (one sample bag for each material) and have it tested (about $100 per sample = $200 for your two sample bags). Once you get the results back, you can then take the precautions you feel are necessary to ensure you are doing everything "by the book".

Thanks everyone. It was probably just under ten square feet, and sounds like I'm okay. I guess my primary concern was the shop vacuum sending asbestos fibers airborne via the air output when vacuuming up the smaller pieces (there is a filter in it but I assumed that wouldn't filter asbestos), but there was no sanding and there didn't appear to be anything "dust-like" when the tiles broke from my chisel. All the tiling is gone so I can't test the tile itself, but it sounds like the concern of asbestos dust from my vacuum settling around the basement should be minimal. Thanks again.