if you really want to add a pop of color to your room, you can always paint the furniture a mustard yellow and go with maybe a grey, mustard, and white theme with silver or chrome accents (like you were saying, making things more modern). For the flooring you can always get a big rug to go under or in front of your bed or have it half under half not :)

The furniture is in far too good condition for painting, and it would take some pretty expensive hardware to improve on its already spectacular condition. Looking at the bedding you've chosen, British Colonial or Caribbean would be a good way to go.
Really, only the floor is keeping it from looking warm and restful. For $200-300, you can get a new 8x10 sisal or cotton area rug in a neutral color or a patterned one if you like a cheery space. You could also look for remnants or rummage yard sales.
There's also an online company flor.com that has interlocking carpet tiles that are really cool. It might be pricy, but I guess you can buy a few at a time.

These photos are pretty sedate, but the mahogany goes well with the wall color. Don't let the wood or style dictate what you do.

Once you decide what to do about the floor, it will all come together. If you like linens, go with a neutral rug and let the bedding speak. If you prefer plain bedding, get colorful rug and make your selections around that.

Floor covering via a rug or the Flor carpet tiles is a good idea. It will warm up the space a lot. I think I would change the lamp for something with a bit of sparkle/shine. A glass base maybe, or a brighter finish on a metal one. I see you have tied-back curtains, so maybe you could get some interesting wide ribbon to use that ties in with your different bed colors. You could also make tiebacks from fabric, using fusible web on the folded under raw edges for a no-sew solution. Same goes for using fabric on top of the dresser. Most decorator fabrics are 54" wide, so it wouldn't take much yardage to create something for the top. That might brighten it up and add interest with pattern.

An interesting and inexpensive way to change up the night table and dresser might be to buy patterned table runners that incorporate the colors of your linens and a contrast color (blue's complement is orange, so you could have some serious fun with that) and drape it across the top. Also, strangely, placemats on small side-tabletops or nightstands (pretty cloth ones, or bamboo, depending on what you want stylistically) work as well. I loathe doilies so I tend to use patterned and colorful cloth napkins, placemats or runners in clever ways to add color or interest (via a pattern) and protect my tabletops.

The first thing I would do it take down the matching mirror. Replace with something fun(and cheap) and two your two lamps on the bureau. Replace those with more of a task light. Not crazy about the turquoise bedding, so I would find some other sheets.

Any color could work with yr furn. Get new bedding with a comforter and shames. The grays are big now, with a yellow or turquoise as accent colors. Use that color in your lamps and accessories. Add 5 x7 area rug by side of bed in your accent color. No need to change bedding for the seasons. You must be on east coast?? Not really done any more. If renting you do not want to spend money on things you cannot take with you. Art is a fun way to bring in color and interest make sure it's big and not hung too high. You might want to get a head board in a fabric. Buy used easy to recover in your accent color or maybe a zebra for fun.

Change out panels for white bamboo shades. Home Depot has them cheap and can take with you. Easy install. Save panels for when you move can put back.

For sure change hardware on furn to brush nickel long pulls. Lowes has them. Or crystal knobs would be nice. You sound young? And just starting out, have fun, with decorating. Add pieces as you can afford.

Definitely put the lamps on the dresser, the bamboo shades are also going to set the mood... Wouldn't tie back the curtains just separate them to let the blinds show... A nice inexpensive comforter would add a richness to your room with some bright colors to tie in the teal/turquoise. I have bought many remnant rolls of carpet for about $100/150 range. You need taller lamps on your night stands and yes I agree, don't paint your furniture..it looks classic/rich... Paint only garage sale/ hand me downs in need of refinishing. Happy Decorating!!!

Thanks everyone for your suggestions...much appreciated. Some great ideas which I would never had thought of.

I'm in Toronto so either eastern or western coast ;)

*neither the east or west coast ;)

I don't like matching mirrors on dresser. Paint that only in your accent color. Hang jewelry on corner just some fun beads, pearls etc. add some bling type frames to dresser and nite stand. TJMax has some. Mix it up .

I'm also a renter and even painting can be expensive and a threat to that deposit. As time permits, look at the wall decals on Houzz....many are inexpensive, easy to apply and EASY to remove without damage to the wall. They can be changed to suit the season or mood. Good luck in your new space!!

Ok so not sure if you have our stores. Maybe Ikea, they have good price on area rugs, etc.

We love CANADA...

If you want to do a blinds, curtains combo you might try shifting both curtain panels to the same side to make them look a little more substantial. If you can shift your bed a bit to the left so the headboard is centered on that bit of wall between the two windows, the curtains done far left/far right would frame it.