I would try and center the sink base cabinet on the window opening. After the other base cabinets are installed, draw a plumb line from the side of the base cabinet on the left of the window. Now determine the size of the trim on the opening, looks like it is a wide trim from the photo. The space from the plumb line to the trim will determine the maximum cabinet i would install on the left side. I would have a granite top made for the pass thru as well to match the kitchen top. To balance determine space to right of window and use proper size cabinet to finish. This way the window will look balanced.

Don't really understand the question - center sink on kitchen side and on other side center cabinets under the window or you can extend over to the wall and add a wall cabinet.

Have you consulted a designer because it is important to have an overall design. A professional designer is money well spent because we need an overal plan for kitchen and home.

I think you need a professional to see the home and create some visuals for you. There isn't a simple answer on line answer here.