A lot of lower light plants will adapt to higher light, especially if it's filtered (through the leaves of taller plants, curtains, etc.). But for really high light:

Agave spp.: have spines; I couldn't find toxicity info.

Aloe spp.: turn up on both toxic and non-toxic lists, so it's hard to tell. Aloe vera (barbadensis) does seem to be toxic, for sure: other species may not be.

Araucaria bidwillii (monkey-puzzle tree), A. heterophylla (norfolk island pine): only if you can have high humidity and cool temperatures. Safe for cats, though.

Beaucarnea recurvata (ponytail palm): at least one source reports this as being safe for cats.

Begonia spp.: are safe for cats.

some/most Bromeliaceae (bromeliads): generally safe for cats

most/all Cactaceae (cactus): not toxic, but I wouldn't necessarily say "safe," either, considering the spines.

Calathea (peacock plant), Ctenanthe, Maranta (prayer plant), Stromanthe spp.: safe for cats.

Caryota mitis (fishtail palm), Chamaerops humilis (European fan palm), Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (areca palm), many other palms: most/all are safe for cats.

Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant): safe for cats.

Coffea arabica (coffee plant): needs humidity to do well; I couldn't find safety info.

Coleus spp.: at least one source reports this as being safe for cats.

Cordyline australis (cabbage palm), C. terminalis (ti plant): additional humidity is definitely a plus. Couldn't find toxicity info.

Crassula spp. (jade plant, etc.): couldn't find toxicity info.

Dizygotheca elegantissima (false aralia): needs humidity, bug-prone, generally difficult. At least one source reports safe for cats.

Echeveria spp.: couldn't find toxicity info.

Fatsia japonica: bug-prone. One source reports this as being safe for cats.

Ferns: Lots of confusion. Boston and rabbit's-foot ferns seem to be safe. Other true ferns may or may not be: it's really, really hard to tell. Full sun may not be desirable.

Fittonia spp. (nerve plant): at least one source reports this as being safe for cats. Need high humidity to do well.

Haworthia spp.: one source reports these as being safe for cats.

Hoya spp.: safe for cats.

Kalanchoe spp. (mother of thousands, panda plant, flaming katy, etc.): at least one source reports these as being TOXIC to cats, but there's not a lot of information to go on.

Musa spp. (bananas): generally considered cat-safe.

Pandanus utilis (screw pine): sharp-edged leaves. Couldn't find toxicity info.

Peperomia spp.: safe for cats.

Pilea (aluminum plant): safe for cats.

Plectranthus nummularis (swedish ivy): best without full sun; safe for cats.

Sansevieria spp. (snake plant): on some safe lists, and also on some TOXIC lists. Probably not worth risking, but I'm skeptical about the toxicity claims.

Schefflera actinophylla (umbrella tree): considered safe for cats.

Schlumbergera / Zygocactus (holiday cacti): safe for cats.

Sedum spp. (donkey's tail): one source reports this as being safe for cats.

Tradescantia spp. / Zebrina spp. (wandering jew, purple heart): at least one source reports this as being safe for cats.

Yucca spp.: couldn't find toxicity info, but I suspect safe.

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I haven't personally grown all of these, and you'd be advised to double check on the toxicity before committing yourself. Consider these more leads to follow up on than actual recommendations. Some to definitely avoid unless your cats already know to leave them alone:

Euphorbiaceae (spurge family): cowboy cactus, pencil cactus, devil's backbone, african milk bush (Synadenium grantii), african milk tree (Euphorbia trigona), croton, candelabra cactus, snow on the mountain, poinsettia

Araceae (arum family): split-leaf philodendron, pothos, dieffenbachia, chinese evergreen, peace lily, Homalomena spp., Anthurium spp., Philodendron spp., Alocasia spp. (elephant ear), Caladium spp.

Hedera helix (English ivy)

Ficus spp. (rubber plant, ficus tree, fiddle-leaf fig)

I've seen Dracaenas listed as toxic too, but I'm not convinced that's right. I was acquainted with a cat once who liked to nibble pretty much anything, and would take small bites of a corn plant (D. fragrans) sometimes. Though she far and away preferred the spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum). Of course, now that I think about it, that cat spent a completely unreasonable amount of time throwing up, too.

Strelitzias (bird of paradise) are said to be toxic to cats.

Lilies, as a group, are very dangerous to plants: easter lily, stargazer lily, tiger lily

I just love these lists, the ones I found said Sans was safe so I put it on the floor, and it got chompped. It was a slow and painful death for my pet. IT IS NOT PET SAFE! Yucca has sapoines also which is toxic.
Peperomia is Toxic,
Hoya is toxic.
Oleander is toxic.
Euphorbia is toxic.
Any Aroid is toxic. Philos, pothos, caladium, drac, dief, elephant ears, ZZ etc are all in this list.

a good way to check if a plant may be toxic, if it bleeds white more than likely it is not safe for pets.

If you want cactus, which most are safe, unless they are something like San Pedro cactus or peyote. A good cactus to grow would be a spineless opuntia or epiphyllum, which fruit and stems are both edible. I'm told Rhipsalis berries are also edible, never tried them though. Citrus is also another good choice.

Why not grow some cat safe herbs like catnip and oat grass in containers for them? Then they will be more likely to leave the other plants alone.

Mentha, I"m so very sorry about your pet..I didn't know Sans were toxic..There's a lot more toxic plants out there than we know..You mentioned a few I had no idea could hurt pets..(I worry about birds landing on plants)
E, Citrus and Ficus would be great choices..and if not too warm, gardenias. I love C&S's but flowering plants are my favorite.
I know Devil's Backbone, African Milk Bush, Coleus, English Ivy are toxic..Brugmansia and Datura are also toxic. Not 100% sure about the ivy cause my friends cockatiels ate one down to the soil and he was fine. But according to Birdtalk it is toxic.
Mentha, what type of pet did u have? Toni
www.birdtalk.com used to have a list of toxic plants..You'd have to check..