you need a pet kestrel....i learned recently that they can see vole pee at flying altitude....an amazing adaptation....apparently voles have primitive kidneys and leave a constant urine stream.....kestrel's are the only hawks with this adaptation!

Voles don't tunnel; they use pre-existing mole or shrew tunnels. Likely young moles.

Voles make surface runs. One way to tell if you have them is to lay something solid down like a large piece of wood or old closet door. Pick it up after a few days or weeks and if you have voles it will be a maze of shallow runs. I have had some bed with soft soil where the whole bed will be shot with runs to a depth of 3', so if I take a garden hose and poke it around I can collapse the whole thing. I interplant edible plants like daylilies with poisonous ones like daffodils and distasteful irises. I put lava rock in the bottom and sides of daylily and rose holes to discourage them as they don't like the sharp rock.Cutting vegetation short also discourages them as it removes their cover so predators can pick them off.