The A coil for your AC extracts water from the air. That water collects in a pan is drained to the drain somewhere. There could be a small pump that pumps the water to the drain.
The drain could clogged at the pan in the pipe etc.
If your system has the pump, the pump could be defective.
The drain pan under the A coil could be rotted and have a hole in it.

After the floor dried, I laid down and looked under the furnace and saw that the drain pipe runs under the return air duct and does not go into any type of drain. I'm now confused as to why I only get water sometimes, and also does it seem like an excessive amount of water on the floor (60 gallons) when the a/c was only running for a little over a day.

I was all wrong. there is a floor drain that the condensate drain runs into. The drain is under the return air duct and the floor under there was very dirty so I couldn't even see the drain. My wife did a load of laundry last night and I went down to the basement to make sure it was still dry and low and behold there was water all over the basement again except this time it had lots of suds in it. Turns out my sewer drain was clogged and backflowing through that floor drain. I'm assuming that the water covering the condensate drain was keeping it from draining. Anyway I called a plumber and he came out this morning and cleaned my drain, and I'm having someone clean out my lagoon with a track hoe. Thanks

Thanks for the update!

BTW, a neighbor had a similar problem (but much smaller). Their condensate pump was fine, but the end of the hose outside was blocked with debris since it was laying in the ground ivy. After it was pulled out of the ivy they were "back in business" (but it took a service call to find this out).