I realize it isn't the compact table you are looking for, but this Directory of Annuals lists data for annuals, including blooming season. The Easiest annuals to grow from seed lists data for a few specific annuals.

Most annuals bloom all summer. The best resource for planting and growing annuals is the seed packages themselves and a notebook to write down your observations in your garden. Many things can effect how flowers grow and how long they bloom. The kind of soil, watering and fertilizing, deadheading, the weather and the condition of the plant when it is transplanted. No table is going to take that all into account

it would be much simpler if you make some suggestions as to what interests you ...

it would help greatly to know where you are ...

and whether you are talking about starting from seed

ken