Is there a window in that bedroom?

Yes, there is a window

Then put up a real wall and be done.

It's an apartment that I am renting. Can't add walls.

Honestly without being able to make structural changes the only option I can think of would be to mount a swinging "garden" gate. The hardware would mount to the angled wall and a latch would be located of the left side.

Curtain for visual privacy. Baby gate behind it, to keep the dog out.

1. Search for a different apartment that meets your needs better.

2. Pull up the mattress vertically so the dog can’t get on the bed. We used to do this with the couch cushions every time we left the house.

3. Dog obedience class is a must.

4. Use a folding screen when you have guests.

5. Avoid having guests.

Get a sheet to put on the bed when you are not home . I use a fitted one that goes over my bedding As for privacy the only thing I can think of is a drape of some sort.

Ceiling mounted curtain rod with panels for privacy. We keep our bed covered with a sheet to protect our linens.