With the caveat that it's almost impossible to definitely ID a mushroom from a photo, mostly what you've got here is fungus attacking other fungus. The second and fourth picture might be Hypomyces spp, Bolete Mold. The top picture might be something called Entoloma abortivum, which is a fungus that attacks another mushroom - sometimes it's a normal gilled mushroom, sometimes it causes the associated mushroom to form these lumpy white things.

I got involved in a fungus survey at a local nature sanctuary last year; it's been a real eye-opener. It turns out that mushrooms are practically impossible to reliably ID based on photos; (as is obvious if you compare photos of the same species from a couple books/websites.) Partly this is because the 'mushroom' is just the fruit; the actual plant is a network of threads in the soil or dead wood that throws up the 'mushroom' when it wants to make spores and reproduce. Imagine trying to identify an apple tree if all you've got is one flower; or bud, or apple.

The people from the NY Mycological Society who are doing the ID for this study use microscopic features and spores as much as anything else, and it turns out that fungus taxonomy is still in the early stages, especially now that DNA studies are overturning a lot of the relationship assumptions that were made based on visible characteristics. So not only can you not see the necessary characteristics without a microscope, the thing may not be in the book at all. All very frustrating for someone who's used to getting out Gleason and Cronquist knowing that anything green that I find in the woods is in there someplace.

On the bright side, the variety of fungus out there is fascinating. Lots of fun to look for and look at. If you want to see what we've been finding, we try to post pictures of the species we've identified; they're here. Don't know where you are in NY but this sanctuary is in the very NE corner of NJ, so most of what we're finding is probably also in downstate NY.

WW

Here is a link that might be useful: Aborted Entoloma