You've got scale.

Here's some info.
http://www.planetnatural.com/pest-problem-solver/houseplant-pests/scale-control/

DM

Great, thank you for the help. I got some horticultural oil on Amazon and am going to spray tomorrow. Little jerks are everywhere!

I've sprayed with horticultural oil and they are still spreading. I've reapplied three times. Any other ideas or am I not using the oil correctly?

Dunno they do not look like any scale I have in So. Fla. I would try sevin.

not scale. scale is microscopic (or very very small)

looks like egg sacs, or larvae.

very possible they are good guy insects / predators. i would not kill them unless you know what they are, or know they are really damaging the tree,, if its just minor damage, let nature take its course.

a predator will eventually come in and put them in check.

MOST of my starfruit leaves have turned yellow and fallen off already.

new ones will be produced quickly. its spring time :)

There are some scale that are larger than lady bugs.

In the linked PDF file, scale slides start about slide 21
https://firstdetector.org/static/pdf/mealybugs.pdf

Slide 29 kinda looks like the OP's.

Slide 26 is what I've got, and I don't think they are beneficial. They are sucking all of the sap out of the tree and the leaves turn brown beginning where the insect is attached and radiating outwards. I've treated with a systemic pesticide and have sprayed the heck out of it with oil, but they have been persistent.

I had some weird bugs I never could identify that destroyed my tomatoes one year. I tried everything organic and nothing worked. Then I tried cold pressed neem oil and that KILLED THEM ALL, ha ha ha ha!!! I seriously recommend trying that stuff. I got mine from neem tree farms. You have to watch out for products that don't have the 'active' ingredient in it. Hope this helps!!