Whatever your structural engineer recommends for the post with footer and beam needed to replace the support for the removed load bearing wall. Immediately put up a temporary wall for support!

There is no standard.

From a practical standpoint, I'd leave at least a couple of inches between the counter edge and the trim so that you don't need to use a Qtip to paint the wall in that little strip.

I think we need to see the floor plan

Just as an FYI, this isn’t DIY. We have a new beam across the top of the kitchen wall (had temp support wall for about two weeks) and revealed a structural post that then necessitated a change in the cabinet width because it cannot be removed unless I want the upstairs in the kitchen. :)

Here are the working plans. The view from the sink and one that shows the new beam and old post. We had to pull the wall back as much as possible to reroute and put in new HVAC and Electrical. Now the time has come to decide how much wall to rebuild.

This drywall reveal decision is not a structural one. Purely aesthetics & making it look “right” with the cabinet into that corner. Currently Im leaning towards 3-4” between casing end and counter start but I dont want the wall to impeded too much to “block” sightlines to the new pull out pantry.

Yes, fabulous french slider!

“Standard” wing wall depth is usually 30”, which allows 5” for wall and trim. If you are doing a more elaborate and larger trim, allow for more space. Don’t forget thatbany cabinet run against a wall needs a filler to start it do that the trim can be cleared when used.

If you have any plans to ever add doors to the cased opening, I would frame it so a standard size door/ door set (French doors?) can slip into the opening. VS an oddball size that would require addt'l framing or special order doors.

Good points above. It looks like the wall side of your cabinet's face frame is wide enough so that drawers/doors of the cabinet won't interfere with the door case. I'd recommend somewhere between 3-6" of drywall between base cabinet and case. In a couple places in my house, there is <1" drywall, and if I ever decide to paint I will curse whoever made that decision.

I like one to two inches.

Mostly because I just stumbled upon this, but also because I personally like to see how it all came out….Because the new beam made the ceiling flush, no need for cased opening, but I didn’t know that when determining wall. So while now I WISH I had pulled it back further the rest of everything turned out so well it’s hard to complain. But yes, should have done only 1-2 inches.