You need to add every bit of visual height, and not add anything that brings your ceiling down and/or chops up the room. Can you add a linear pendant into a dining room in stead?

Unfortunately likely no due to the placement of recessed lights and how my table doesn't line up with my slider. Would you recommend foregoing pendants period over the island or singles?

I opt for single lights that felt airy and light.

Yes I would not put a light over the island here. The room is boxy already, so its not just the height of the ceiling, tho you would likely end up with something that hangs at around 6ft and it could work but also if anyone is tall that is right in their line of sight. Also you need good functional light.

"Unfortunately likely no due to the placement of recessed lights and how my table doesn't line up with my slider." this should not stop you from hanging a light over the table.