Search results for "Incorporating radiant" in Home Design Ideas

Photo credit Michael Partenio
This new home takes advantage of a beautiful hilltop site. The outdoor spaces function as an extension of the house and support the family’s casual, sports-oriented lifestyle. The design, for a family of seven, provides spaces for individual privacy and family gatherings.
The design challenge was to incorporate a number of sustainable features into the design. The south-facing roof is integrated with a 5-kilowatt photovoltaic system, generating electricity for the home and furnishing emergency backup power. The heating is exclusively radiant with high efficiency boilers partially burning biofuel. Measures taken to produce an efficient building envelope include a drainage plane behind the siding, spray foam insulation, and high performance, insulated window glass.

Photo credit Michael Partenio
This new home takes advantage of a beautiful hilltop site. The outdoor spaces function as an extension of the house and support the family’s casual, sports-oriented lifestyle. The design, for a family of seven, provides spaces for individual privacy and family gatherings.
The design challenge was to incorporate a number of sustainable features into the design. The south-facing roof is integrated with a 5-kilowatt photovoltaic system, generating electricity for the home and furnishing emergency backup power. The heating is exclusively radiant with high efficiency boilers partially burning biofuel. Measures taken to produce an efficient building envelope include a drainage plane behind the siding, spray foam insulation, and high performance, insulated window glass.
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This early 20th century Indianapolis, IN basement remodel was in desperate need of help. The original and still operating hydronic radiant heating system had its plumbing configured without regard to any other use of the space. Fearful of harming the aged system and the high cost of doing so, these Clients were adamant that the existing system remain intact. Architect Lee Constantine developed a design that maintained the existing heating system while creating "niches" around the perimeter that would conceal the unsightly plumbing. Additionally, by removing free-standing structural supporting posts, amore flexible and inviting space was achieved. Because of an already low ceiling condition, the floor-ceiling structure above was kept exposed, painted and highlighted with indirect lighting to avoid further reducing the ceiling height. Constantine incorporated "clouds" on this ceiling to conceal certain existing components that either were cost prohibitive to relocate or couldn't be relocated. These "clouds"become a "visual element" through their geometry and hidden "indirect" light source rather than an undesirable complication. Now this family entertains frequently in the basement and reports "it doesn't feel like we're in a basement anymore"

Originally built in 1929 and designed by famed architect Albert Farr who was responsible for the Wolf House that was built for Jack London in Glen Ellen, this building has always had tremendous historical significance. In keeping with tradition, the new design incorporates intricate plaster crown moulding details throughout with a splash of contemporary finishes lining the corridors. From venetian plaster finishes to German engineered wood flooring this house exhibits a delightful mix of traditional and contemporary styles. Many of the rooms contain reclaimed wood paneling, discretely faux-finished Trufig outlets and a completely integrated Savant Home Automation system. Equipped with radiant flooring and forced air-conditioning on the upper floors as well as a full fitness, sauna and spa recreation center at the basement level, this home truly contains all the amenities of modern-day living. The primary suite area is outfitted with floor to ceiling Calacatta stone with an uninterrupted view of the Golden Gate bridge from the bathtub. This building is a truly iconic and revitalized space.

This gorgeous home, situated in the Commonwealth subdivision of the Galisteo Basin Preserve, was designed to accommodate the beautiful but sometimes harsh weather of the Basin. Built around an inner courtyard, buffered to the somewhat inclement conditions, it allows for seasonal year around enjoyment. The floor to ceiling windows, European Reynaers Aluminum, were imported from Ireland, and appear as glassy walls that disappear into pocketing doors ensuring magnificent wraparound views.
The grand entrance, encased with an oversized custom steel and brass entry door, with glass side panel and transom, open up to soaring illuminated recessed lit ceilings. Porcelain tile floors seamlessly transition between interior/exterior. An impressive 3-sided Ortal fireplace provides warmth and coziness encapsulating the entire great room. The excellence of the materials and exclusive nature of the finishes are expressed in a tailored and sophisticated manner.
The 4,332 heated per square foot home is designed with two Master Suite wings that spin off the main great room. The state-of-the-art kitchen is sleek and spacious with an expansive island comprised of Elegant Brown granite countertops, luxury modern Italian Poliform custom cabinets and high-end Gaggenau appliances. The home has a highly efficient engineered heating/cooling system with heat radiant floors and Unico air conditioning.
A detached guest casita/art studio sits adjacent to the main house, on a lushly landscaped protected courtyard. The exterior landscaping is organically integrated into the natural terrain, incorporating a bocce ball court, walking labyrinth, sculpture and water features.
AWARDS
2016 AIA Santa Fe Design Excellence: Citation Award- Single Family Home
PUBLICATIONS
Santa Fe New Mexican – HOME/Santa Fe Real Estate Guide– January 2017 – A Courtyard Centered Gem in the Galisteo Basin
Western Art & Architecture Magazine – February/March 2016 – Finding Home
TESTIMONIAL
After researching several builders in Santa Fe and then interviewing the ones of interest, we decided on Will Prull as he seemed to instantly connect to what we wanted and how to achieve it. He was also highly recommended by our architect. Our Project Manager was excellent and helped us make decisions that creep up between the plans and the actual building. Our house won the AIA award in 2016 for Santa Fe. When choosing your builder, the most important thing is that your Project Manager understands your direction and has your best interests at heart. Our's did!
ARCHITECT
Hoopes + Associates Architects, , Santa Fe, NM
INTERIORS
Paul Rau Interiors, Santa Fe, NM
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
Sequis + Associates Landscape Architecture, Santa Fe, NM

This house west of Boston was originally designed in 1958 by the great New England modernist, Henry Hoover. He built his own modern home in Lincoln in 1937, the year before the German émigré Walter Gropius built his own world famous house only a few miles away. By the time this 1958 house was built, Hoover had matured as an architect; sensitively adapting the house to the land and incorporating the clients wish to recreate the indoor-outdoor vibe of their previous home in Hawaii.
The house is beautifully nestled into its site. The slope of the roof perfectly matches the natural slope of the land. The levels of the house delicately step down the hill avoiding the granite ledge below. The entry stairs also follow the natural grade to an entry hall that is on a mid level between the upper main public rooms and bedrooms below. The living spaces feature a south- facing shed roof that brings the sun deep in to the home. Collaborating closely with the homeowner and general contractor, we freshened up the house by adding radiant heat under the new purple/green natural cleft slate floor. The original interior and exterior Douglas fir walls were stripped and refinished.
Photo by: Nat Rea Photography

Alex
Mid-sized minimalist master gray tile and porcelain tile porcelain tile doorless shower photo in Boston with an integrated sink, flat-panel cabinets, black cabinets, quartz countertops, a two-piece toilet and green walls
Mid-sized minimalist master gray tile and porcelain tile porcelain tile doorless shower photo in Boston with an integrated sink, flat-panel cabinets, black cabinets, quartz countertops, a two-piece toilet and green walls

This house west of Boston was originally designed in 1958 by the great New England modernist, Henry Hoover. He built his own modern home in Lincoln in 1937, the year before the German émigré Walter Gropius built his own world famous house only a few miles away. By the time this 1958 house was built, Hoover had matured as an architect; sensitively adapting the house to the land and incorporating the clients wish to recreate the indoor-outdoor vibe of their previous home in Hawaii.
The house is beautifully nestled into its site. The slope of the roof perfectly matches the natural slope of the land. The levels of the house delicately step down the hill avoiding the granite ledge below. The entry stairs also follow the natural grade to an entry hall that is on a mid level between the upper main public rooms and bedrooms below. The living spaces feature a south- facing shed roof that brings the sun deep in to the home. Collaborating closely with the homeowner and general contractor, we freshened up the house by adding radiant heat under the new purple/green natural cleft slate floor. The original interior and exterior Douglas fir walls were stripped and refinished.
Photo by: Nat Rea Photography

Originally built in 1929 and designed by famed architect Albert Farr who was responsible for the Wolf House that was built for Jack London in Glen Ellen, this building has always had tremendous historical significance. In keeping with tradition, the new design incorporates intricate plaster crown moulding details throughout with a splash of contemporary finishes lining the corridors. From venetian plaster finishes to German engineered wood flooring this house exhibits a delightful mix of traditional and contemporary styles. Many of the rooms contain reclaimed wood paneling, discretely faux-finished Trufig outlets and a completely integrated Savant Home Automation system. Equipped with radiant flooring and forced air-conditioning on the upper floors as well as a full fitness, sauna and spa recreation center at the basement level, this home truly contains all the amenities of modern-day living. The primary suite area is outfitted with floor to ceiling Calacatta stone with an uninterrupted view of the Golden Gate bridge from the bathtub. This building is a truly iconic and revitalized space.

This gorgeous home, situated in the Commonwealth subdivision of the Galisteo Basin Preserve, was designed to accommodate the beautiful but sometimes harsh weather of the Basin. Built around an inner courtyard, buffered to the somewhat inclement conditions, it allows for seasonal year around enjoyment. The floor to ceiling windows, European Reynaers Aluminum, were imported from Ireland, and appear as glassy walls that disappear into pocketing doors ensuring magnificent wraparound views.
The grand entrance, encased with an oversized custom steel and brass entry door, with glass side panel and transom, open up to soaring illuminated recessed lit ceilings. Porcelain tile floors seamlessly transition between interior/exterior. An impressive 3-sided Ortal fireplace provides warmth and coziness encapsulating the entire great room. The excellence of the materials and exclusive nature of the finishes are expressed in a tailored and sophisticated manner.
The 4,332 heated per square foot home is designed with two Master Suite wings that spin off the main great room. The state-of-the-art kitchen is sleek and spacious with an expansive island comprised of Elegant Brown granite countertops, luxury modern Italian Poliform custom cabinets and high-end Gaggenau appliances. The home has a highly efficient engineered heating/cooling system with heat radiant floors and Unico air conditioning.
A detached guest casita/art studio sits adjacent to the main house, on a lushly landscaped protected courtyard. The exterior landscaping is organically integrated into the natural terrain, incorporating a bocce ball court, walking labyrinth, sculpture and water features.
AWARDS
2016 AIA Santa Fe Design Excellence: Citation Award- Single Family Home
PUBLICATIONS
Santa Fe New Mexican – HOME/Santa Fe Real Estate Guide– January 2017 – A Courtyard Centered Gem in the Galisteo Basin
Western Art & Architecture Magazine – February/March 2016 – Finding Home
TESTIMONIAL
After researching several builders in Santa Fe and then interviewing the ones of interest, we decided on Will Prull as he seemed to instantly connect to what we wanted and how to achieve it. He was also highly recommended by our architect. Our Project Manager was excellent and helped us make decisions that creep up between the plans and the actual building. Our house won the AIA award in 2016 for Santa Fe. When choosing your builder, the most important thing is that your Project Manager understands your direction and has your best interests at heart. Our's did!
ARCHITECT
Hoopes + Associates Architects, , Santa Fe, NM
INTERIORS
Paul Rau Interiors, Santa Fe, NM
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
Sequis + Associates Landscape Architecture, Santa Fe, NM

The Columbia River Gorge offers a dramatic backdrop to this hill-side retreat for a young family. Careful positioning of the plan and windows provide views to Mount Adams and Mount Hood. The home is a linear composition of a two-level volume linked to a single-level guest suite and garage. Each volume was studied and articulated to successfully balance views & privacy.
The first-floor living level spills out to the rugged landscape through glass doors that open to stepped patios of natural basalt. Vast expanses of windows assure a vivid display of seasonal changes from every room. Elements include standing seam metal roofs, dark horizontal cedar siding, and a full height board-formed concrete wall designed to retain the steeply sloped natural terrain. Inside an open floor plan employing high ceilings and materials such as exposed Doug Fir framing, radiant concrete floors and bleached wood ceilings guarantees a modern, timeless look. Incorporating the owner's stock of salvaged wood screens and vintage European light fixtures makes this home truly unique and full of personality.
Photographer: Nakamoto Forestry

This new custom house, completed in late 2012, was designed with an accessory dwelling unit to take advantage of an allowance in the single family zoning code in Seattle. The primary dwelling, 1300 square feet on the upper two stories houses a mother and teenager. The accessory dwelling, 750 square feet, provides a leasable smaller space that can be for a tenant or downsizing in the future.
Seattle based RE Store began by completely deconstructing the original home so that its salvaged parts could have a new life in other design applications. The new design for the home is modern with a sustainable theme, incorporating a palette of natural materials. The Paperstone, wood and steel staircase connects the open-plan living, dining areas and kitchen to the upstairs bedrooms and open library. Exterior decks extend the main interior living spaces while sliding glass panels allow the primary bedroom to connect.
Stylishly visible from all rooms in the open interior living spaces are two complementary objects, both lit from within, a frosted lexan pantry and a slatted reclaimed fir bathroom, with wood sourced from Windfall Lumber. Throughout the home, finishes are simple and minimal: polished concrete flooring, bright-white walls, and formaldehyde-free sapele and maple cabinetry. The main kitchen is outfitted with Ecotop counters and a custom sapele wood island that has large, handle-free pullout drawers on the cooking side and a built-in wine rack on the other. Maximizing storage, a custom built-in apple plywood bench and open wooden box shelves provide extra space.
A model of efficiency, the home maximizes the performance of the envelope of the building. The reclaimed fir car decking wrapped around the exterior from Windfall Lumber, creates the rainscreen siding and is sourced locally from a deconstructed warehouse in Tacoma WA. In addition, access to daylight through high-performance glazing, solar preheat for domestic hot water needs, in-floor radiant heating and a green roof created by the owner adds to the efficiency.
Photo Credit & Design: b9 architects

CONTACT
These home owners initially contacted their Designer to identify the reason that the floor in their upstairs bedroom suffered from a noticeable slant. The floor problem actually impacted a small bathroom and adjoining study also.
Early on, the decision was made to re-design the footprint for the 3 rooms in conjunction with repairing the uneven floor. The approach was to gut all three spaces of walls and floors and start from scratch. The new spaces were designed with the clients needs for accessibility in mind.
DESIGN
The design effort included identifying the products to be used throughout the spaces. This included everything from the flooring to the wall paint. Kohler plumbing fixtures and Adelphi cabinetry were decided on first. A radiant heat grid was included for the bathroom floor. Lighting, paint and tile soon followed. Wood flooring was installed throughout the adjoining spaces.
The master bedroom was redesigned to allow for entry from the study or the master bath via pocket doors. The study was given an access to the master bath also. The hardwood flooring ties the bedroom and study together and gives each room a very spacious feel. The original master bedroom was changed to incorporate a large walk-in closet that features custom storage throughout. The study that also doubles as the IT center for the home was updated with custom book cases and cabinetry from Adelphi Cabinets.
When discussing the reapportioning of the entire space for the individual rooms the bathroom was given priority. The previous small bathroom did not include a window for natural light. The new design corrected that in a big way by incorporating an existing bedroom window into the new space. The decision was made early on to allow for the inclusion of a large shower with full granite walls and custom plate glass surround. The shower system includes both fixed and hand held shower heads. A thermostatic control system was included to eliminate scalding. A large bench seat of matching granite allows for relaxing while getting squeaky clean. A separate air massage tub from Kohler centered under the new windows allows for a relaxed moment while being caressed by all those tiny bubbles. His and her side by side vanity sinks allows for efficient use of the space. The Caxton sinks and coordinated toilet were selected to match the color of the tub and do so beautifully!
CONSTRUCTION
We started the project not knowing what we were going to find. The slanting floor upstairs was not evident in the ceiling of the first floor
Once the demolition had been completed it was evident that the floor joists were at the heart of the problem. The home had been framed with floor joists that had been strung together to increase their length. Over time and with the house settling, the strung together joists started to droop from their connection point. This was concealed on the first floor by a large HVAC duct running through the garage. This was corrected by the addition of two laminated beams in the ceiling of the first floor (luckily in the garage) that re-supported the offending joists.
THE END
The project was a huge success in terms of problem solving and designing with budget and time frame in mind. The overall impact of the new space is impressive both visually and from a practicality point of view. The new master suite with upscale bathroom and study adds significant value to the home and the home owners quality of life!

This gorgeous home, situated in the Commonwealth subdivision of the Galisteo Basin Preserve, was designed to accommodate the beautiful but sometimes harsh weather of the Basin. Built around an inner courtyard, buffered to the somewhat inclement conditions, it allows for seasonal year around enjoyment. The floor to ceiling windows, European Reynaers Aluminum, were imported from Ireland, and appear as glassy walls that disappear into pocketing doors ensuring magnificent wraparound views.
The grand entrance, encased with an oversized custom steel and brass entry door, with glass side panel and transom, open up to soaring illuminated recessed lit ceilings. Porcelain tile floors seamlessly transition between interior/exterior. An impressive 3-sided Ortal fireplace provides warmth and coziness encapsulating the entire great room. The excellence of the materials and exclusive nature of the finishes are expressed in a tailored and sophisticated manner.
The 4,332 heated per square foot home is designed with two Master Suite wings that spin off the main great room. The state-of-the-art kitchen is sleek and spacious with an expansive island comprised of Elegant Brown granite countertops, luxury modern Italian Poliform custom cabinets and high-end Gaggenau appliances. The home has a highly efficient engineered heating/cooling system with heat radiant floors and Unico air conditioning.
A detached guest casita/art studio sits adjacent to the main house, on a lushly landscaped protected courtyard. The exterior landscaping is organically integrated into the natural terrain, incorporating a bocce ball court, walking labyrinth, sculpture and water features.
AWARDS
2016 AIA Santa Fe Design Excellence: Citation Award- Single Family Home
PUBLICATIONS
Santa Fe New Mexican – HOME/Santa Fe Real Estate Guide– January 2017 – A Courtyard Centered Gem in the Galisteo Basin
Western Art & Architecture Magazine – February/March 2016 – Finding Home
TESTIMONIAL
After researching several builders in Santa Fe and then interviewing the ones of interest, we decided on Will Prull as he seemed to instantly connect to what we wanted and how to achieve it. He was also highly recommended by our architect. Our Project Manager was excellent and helped us make decisions that creep up between the plans and the actual building. Our house won the AIA award in 2016 for Santa Fe. When choosing your builder, the most important thing is that your Project Manager understands your direction and has your best interests at heart. Our's did!
ARCHITECT
Hoopes + Associates Architects, , Santa Fe, NM
INTERIORS
Paul Rau Interiors, Santa Fe, NM
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
Sequis + Associates Landscape Architecture, Santa Fe, NM

Originally built in 1929 and designed by famed architect Albert Farr who was responsible for the Wolf House that was built for Jack London in Glen Ellen, this building has always had tremendous historical significance. In keeping with tradition, the new design incorporates intricate plaster crown moulding details throughout with a splash of contemporary finishes lining the corridors. From venetian plaster finishes to German engineered wood flooring this house exhibits a delightful mix of traditional and contemporary styles. Many of the rooms contain reclaimed wood paneling, discretely faux-finished Trufig outlets and a completely integrated Savant Home Automation system. Equipped with radiant flooring and forced air-conditioning on the upper floors as well as a full fitness, sauna and spa recreation center at the basement level, this home truly contains all the amenities of modern-day living. The primary suite area is outfitted with floor to ceiling Calacatta stone with an uninterrupted view of the Golden Gate bridge from the bathtub. This building is a truly iconic and revitalized space.

This gorgeous home, situated in the Commonwealth subdivision of the Galisteo Basin Preserve, was designed to accommodate the beautiful but sometimes harsh weather of the Basin. Built around an inner courtyard, buffered to the somewhat inclement conditions, it allows for seasonal year around enjoyment. The floor to ceiling windows, European Reynaers Aluminum, were imported from Ireland, and appear as glassy walls that disappear into pocketing doors ensuring magnificent wraparound views.
The grand entrance, encased with an oversized custom steel and brass entry door, with glass side panel and transom, open up to soaring illuminated recessed lit ceilings. Porcelain tile floors seamlessly transition between interior/exterior. An impressive 3-sided Ortal fireplace provides warmth and coziness encapsulating the entire great room. The excellence of the materials and exclusive nature of the finishes are expressed in a tailored and sophisticated manner.
The 4,332 heated per square foot home is designed with two Master Suite wings that spin off the main great room. The state-of-the-art kitchen is sleek and spacious with an expansive island comprised of Elegant Brown granite countertops, luxury modern Italian Poliform custom cabinets and high-end Gaggenau appliances. The home has a highly efficient engineered heating/cooling system with heat radiant floors and Unico air conditioning.
A detached guest casita/art studio sits adjacent to the main house, on a lushly landscaped protected courtyard. The exterior landscaping is organically integrated into the natural terrain, incorporating a bocce ball court, walking labyrinth, sculpture and water features.
AWARDS
2016 AIA Santa Fe Design Excellence: Citation Award- Single Family Home
PUBLICATIONS
Santa Fe New Mexican – HOME/Santa Fe Real Estate Guide– January 2017 – A Courtyard Centered Gem in the Galisteo Basin
Western Art & Architecture Magazine – February/March 2016 – Finding Home
TESTIMONIAL
After researching several builders in Santa Fe and then interviewing the ones of interest, we decided on Will Prull as he seemed to instantly connect to what we wanted and how to achieve it. He was also highly recommended by our architect. Our Project Manager was excellent and helped us make decisions that creep up between the plans and the actual building. Our house won the AIA award in 2016 for Santa Fe. When choosing your builder, the most important thing is that your Project Manager understands your direction and has your best interests at heart. Our's did!
ARCHITECT
Hoopes + Associates Architects, , Santa Fe, NM
INTERIORS
Paul Rau Interiors, Santa Fe, NM
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
Sequis + Associates Landscape Architecture, Santa Fe, NM

The Columbia River Gorge offers a dramatic backdrop to this hill-side retreat for a young family. Careful positioning of the plan and windows provide views to Mount Adams and Mount Hood. The home is a linear composition of a two-level volume linked to a single-level guest suite and garage. Each volume was studied and articulated to successfully balance views & privacy.
The first-floor living level spills out to the rugged landscape through glass doors that open to stepped patios of natural basalt. Vast expanses of windows assure a vivid display of seasonal changes from every room. Elements include standing seam metal roofs, dark horizontal cedar siding, and a full height board-formed concrete wall designed to retain the steeply sloped natural terrain. Inside an open floor plan employing high ceilings and materials such as exposed Doug Fir framing, radiant concrete floors and bleached wood ceilings guarantees a modern, timeless look. Incorporating the owner's stock of salvaged wood screens and vintage European light fixtures makes this home truly unique and full of personality.
Photographer: Nakamoto Forestry

The Columbia River Gorge offers a dramatic backdrop to this hill-side retreat for a young family. Careful positioning of the plan and windows provide views to Mount Adams and Mount Hood. The home is a linear composition of a two-level volume linked to a single-level guest suite and garage. Each volume was studied and articulated to successfully balance views & privacy.
The first-floor living level spills out to the rugged landscape through glass doors that open to stepped patios of natural basalt. Vast expanses of windows assure a vivid display of seasonal changes from every room. Elements include standing seam metal roofs, dark horizontal cedar siding, and a full height board-formed concrete wall designed to retain the steeply sloped natural terrain. Inside an open floor plan employing high ceilings and materials such as exposed Doug Fir framing, radiant concrete floors and bleached wood ceilings guarantees a modern, timeless look. Incorporating the owner's stock of salvaged wood screens and vintage European light fixtures makes this home truly unique and full of personality.
Photographer: Nakamoto Forestry

Our first model home, our Edgewood Natural Preserve, was built in 2017. It was our first time building with no client in mind. So tried to appeal to a large, modern family. We tried to keep traditional building design elements and add in crisp, clean lines and cool tonality of contemporary interior design.
The exterior of the home features a synthetic stucco arched entrance with a cedar ceiling and copper gas lantern. Cedar gable vents on the front elevation and black windows with custom steel corbels are functional yet beautiful. The roof is black standing-seam metal.
This home boasts 6 bedrooms and 5 bathrooms. It sprawls over 4,250 square feet. Some of our favorite features are the gas fireplace topped with a reclaimed Douglas Fir hearth and mantle and the custom veneer plaster wall finish in the main living room.
In the kitchen, shiplap frames the range hood (and the stainless steel appliances). That contrasts beautifully against the veined quartz slab backsplash. White oak soffit paneling, white cabinets and brushed gold hardware make things light and natural in the kitchen. Just off the kitchen is a nook with a built in desk to keep our modern family organized. Variegated white oak floors throughout the home’s main level add more natural warmth.
A large family would require a mud room and extra space to store food. We incorporate a walk through pantry and mudroom right off the garage to keep the family socked up and organized.
A custom black veneer plaster wall finish provides a dramatic backdrop for the bed in the master bedroom. Large windows let in the warmth of natural light from a wooded backdrop.
A spa like master bath offers elegance and amenities. Double vanities and a make-up area were added to help pamper the homeowners while running a busy household.
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