Some photos would be helpful.

Yep....pictures please

Maybe faux bois?

Those black lines are the grains of the wood. Some woods are very dense and the finish will seep only a little way into the wood other woods will have more stains. Remember trees form growth rings. The area between each season is a little softer than the ring which is why if you cut a tree and allow it to decay the rate of decay between rings will be different. It is the area between the rings that you are seeing. Not the scientific explanation but layman's.

When I was a boy, pieces like that were found in farm kitchens, and the farm wife called it a 'kitchen cabinet'.

It very much does look like a kitchen cabinet--like a primitive Hoosier. It might even have a pullout breadboard?

Wish there was a closeup because I can't see the finish.

Yes, please post some detailed photos.

detail photos would help out. I think it may be a "grained" finish, ie, faux painted to look like wood graining.

Definitely a hutch....which is defined as a set of shelves placed on a lower unit with some counter space.
And It does look like false graining.

It’s definitely not the grain of the wood because the underside of the wood is not grained. It does have one pull out bread board, the other is missing. It definitely needs some love to bring it back to its original look. I am trying to find out the technique that is used to make this faux finish.

Unfortunately the condition of your cabinet is pretty rough! You could try to replicate the finish by doing a technique called combing. It would be difficult though and the finish you have now is in such poor condition with large gaps and areas that need repair I’m not sure you should try to salvage that.

Perhaps after you get your cabinet in good condition you may want to try to replicate the finish. Many old pieces were decoratively painted to look like more expensive woods or just embellished for interest. Painting combs come in many different sizes.

Another tool for painting wood grain is called a "rocker".

This article talks about this particular style of factory-applied faux oak finish.

https://fromtimespast.com/2010/11/23/when-is-oak-furniture-not-oak-furniture/

After you do the repairs on this and sand to a smooth finish I would prime and paint this. Trying to salvage the old faux finish will not be possible IMO .