I only know the fourth plant. It is prickly poppy—Argemone albiflora—and is a member of the poppy family. I photographed the ones below in Central Texas.

The first and third plants look like some type of thistle, but I do not know the genus or species. Cirsium is the genus most often described as thistle, but Eryngium is also a possibility. Both of these genera have species native to the U.S. Other genera known as thistle are Carduus, Cynara, and Onopardum, and these were introduced from Eurasia and Africa.

Second one might be Ambrosia artemisifolia, Ragweed. But that is a plant I have never seen in the flesh.

The first one is another Argemone post flowering.