No.

Shower drains are bigger.

And a shower needs a trap under the floor. Sinks have the trap above the floor in the space between the floor and the sink.

Thats your answer not a huge deal for a plumber .

Thanks for the answers!

Is there any way I can adapt it? As for the size, I think the code here says 1 1/2" is enough for a single shower head.

If the drain size is okay, you still need to bust up the concrete to put a trap under the floor. Might as well replace the whole drain to make it 2" if you are going to be doing demolition anyways.

It is possible to put in a shower without busting into the basement floor as well as connecting the drain to your laundry sink drain pipe. You would need a small gray-water tank and pump like this Saniflo model which you can find here. One of these would also let you keep the laundry sink or change it to a bathroom lavatory if that were something you want.

BTW, I cited to Saniflo only because that is the brand I used in my basement a dozen years ago. I chose it mainly because that was what was carried at our local plumbing supply warehouses. There are other brands out there now. Dunno if they are better or worse but may may be worth looking into if this kind of solution would work for you.