I think just selecting something that is machine washable is the answer.

Speaking as one who is owned by four large dogs and three cats (all rescues) who could hire out as a professional demolition crew, I would avoid quilts (too easy to have the stitching pulled by an errant claw), anything microfiber (it's a hair magnet), and anything 100% cotton. Cotton is great but it doesn't really survive multiple machine washings and dryings well.

I've yet to find the ultimate answer, but I've had a lot of failures, as you can tell!

I would try to find a blanket that you can throw in and out of washing machine versus the comforter.

We put a clean white sheet over our bed for our dogs to sleep on. Then we change the sheet a couple of times a week (or as often as it gets dirty or covered with too much shedding). That way we don't have to worry about the bedding, duvet, etc. being pet friendly.