I've never heard of a 10 amp breaker. Are you sure that's what you have?

In general, you can't increase the breaker size since the wires on that circuit are usually sized for the smaller amperage.

Going the other way is fine.

Many manufacturers do in fact make 10 A beakers, but the big question is still WHY?

What are you trying to accomplish?

Aluminum wiring ???

A 10 amp breaker helps with Aluminium wiring how? The problem is not the wire itself, it has plenty of ampacity. The problem is the connections and they can heat dangerously at loads far below 10A.

Does the wire for that circuit support 15A? If not, then the answer is NO. What is the guage of the wire and what type of wire. What does this circuit power?

http://www.magnuminspections.com/Wire_Size_and_Breakers.htm

"* If you have aluminum wiring then the gauge should
go up one level. As an example; for a 15 amp circuit
using aluminum wire the correct wire gauge is 12."

So that would mean perhaps if they used 14 gauge aluminum you would think it should be a 10A breaker. However, from what I can find online they never made 14 gauge aluminum for residential (but they do have it for livestock electric fences).