Pruning Secrets for Exquisite Roses
Encourage gorgeous blooms year after year with this time-tested advice on how to prune your rosebush in winter for health and shape
Annie Thornton
January 12, 2017
Houzz Editorial Staff
After the threat of frost has passed, hit the garden armed in your toughest clothes and sharpened pruners for the annual task of cutting back the roses. While gardeners may share different insights on the art of rose pruning, one thing is certain: While roses’ winter dormancy persists, it’s time to prune, ensuring a prolific bloom and healthy plants in spring and summer.
Cynthia Chuang, president of the Santa Clara County Rose Society in California and an ardent rosarian since 1994, considers this routine essential to the health of her award-winning roses. Most of her January days are spent outside, pruning and tidying her 200 roses. And every May she and the neighborhood relish the bounty.
Cynthia Chuang, president of the Santa Clara County Rose Society in California and an ardent rosarian since 1994, considers this routine essential to the health of her award-winning roses. Most of her January days are spent outside, pruning and tidying her 200 roses. And every May she and the neighborhood relish the bounty.
Why prune? Pruning is regenerative. It stimulates new growth and can enhance and open up the form and shape of the plants, Chuang says. It also removes dying or diseased portions that can damage the overall health of a garden. Roses are sturdy and forgiving, and will be healthier plants because of it. While you may not prune perfectly every time, it’s always better to prune than not to prune.
When to prune. Prune roses during their dormancy, before they send out new growth. In mild climates, this means mid-December through February. In more extreme climates, wait until the final threat of frost has passed. Otherwise you run the risk of damaging canes.
Shown: Hybrid tea rose Rosa 'Gemini'
When to prune. Prune roses during their dormancy, before they send out new growth. In mild climates, this means mid-December through February. In more extreme climates, wait until the final threat of frost has passed. Otherwise you run the risk of damaging canes.
Shown: Hybrid tea rose Rosa 'Gemini'
Tools and gear. Chuang spends about 20 minutes pruning each shrub. Make sure you’re comfortable and well equipped. You want to enjoy the time you spend outside in preparation for spring.
- High-quality rose pruners (sharpen often; Chuang applies WD-40 weekly)
- Loppers (for larger-diameter canes)
- Pruning saw (for old canes and canes too big for loppers)
- Scissors (for detail work)
- Heavy-duty gloves
- Eye protection
- A long-sleeve shirt and pants made of a sturdy material
- Knee pads or bench (optional)
- Pruner holster (optional)
Here Chuang has pruned 1/4 inch above a thick, healthy and outward-growing cane. The cut is angled out in the direction of growth and will promote an open, rounded plant.
Make the cut. Rosarians may disagree on how much to prune, when to prune and what to prune, but they unanimously agree that the cut itself is important in promoting rose health.
Make the cut. Rosarians may disagree on how much to prune, when to prune and what to prune, but they unanimously agree that the cut itself is important in promoting rose health.
- Cut 1/4 inch above an outward-facing bud eye. Locate an outward-facing bud eye on a thick, healthy cane. A bud eye occurs just above the junction of a leaf (Chuang suggests five-leaflet leaves) and the cane — or at a dormant eye. The dormant eye is where a leaf used to be and resembles a swelling band. Leaving the leaves on the bush until the end of pruning makes it easier to identify where to cut. The cut signals the bush to send water and nutrients to that part of the bush. New growth will emerge from the bud eye in the direction of the cut.
- Cut at a 45-degree angle with the direction of leaf growth, away from the bud eye. This is the direction in which the new growth will emerge, so you will be promoting an open and outward-facing shrub. The angle also directs sap and water away from the bud eye, and naturally seals the cut. (Some rosarians suggest sealing cuts wider than a pencil with a sealant like Elmer’s Glue to prevent borers.)
Chuang's husband, Chi Ning Liu, cuts off a woody, central cane at its origin. This allows younger, healthier canes to thrive and opens up the center of the rosebush, promoting airflow and circulation.
How to Prune Roses
While expert demonstrations, extensive reading and planning are helpful preparation for pruning, nothing educates you like hands-on experience. You may prune too much or too little, but roses are resilient, and they’ll grow back.
Leave healthy, major canes. First, cut off dead or dying canes to their origin. Get in there with the saw if necessary, says Chuang. The sure sign of a healthy cane is a rich green bark and a solid white core. Older rosebushes may get woody, so pick and choose the canes that you would like to keep. The American Rose Society suggests leaving four or five major canes for hybrid teas and grandifloras; more for floribunas. Cut off dying canes, even if healthy canes shoot off them.
You want to ensure a healthy rose plant, above all. Then you want to think about shape. Chuang says she’ll cut canes smaller than the diameter of her pinkie finger. New growth will be thinner than its origin, so thin stems will produce even thinner, weaker stems, unable to support the weight of the rose.
Tip: If you cut healthy canes off, put the stem in the ground and stake it. The stem may sprout roots and form a secondary plant.
How to Prune Roses
While expert demonstrations, extensive reading and planning are helpful preparation for pruning, nothing educates you like hands-on experience. You may prune too much or too little, but roses are resilient, and they’ll grow back.
Leave healthy, major canes. First, cut off dead or dying canes to their origin. Get in there with the saw if necessary, says Chuang. The sure sign of a healthy cane is a rich green bark and a solid white core. Older rosebushes may get woody, so pick and choose the canes that you would like to keep. The American Rose Society suggests leaving four or five major canes for hybrid teas and grandifloras; more for floribunas. Cut off dying canes, even if healthy canes shoot off them.
You want to ensure a healthy rose plant, above all. Then you want to think about shape. Chuang says she’ll cut canes smaller than the diameter of her pinkie finger. New growth will be thinner than its origin, so thin stems will produce even thinner, weaker stems, unable to support the weight of the rose.
Tip: If you cut healthy canes off, put the stem in the ground and stake it. The stem may sprout roots and form a secondary plant.
Remove suckers. Many roses are grafted onto a root stalk of another rose type. Beneath the joint (bud union) is the root stalk, and above is the rose variety you are growing.
Every once in a while you will see a vigorous straggler growing straight from the root stalk — these are suckers. Suckers have different leaves and a different form than the bush and need to be yanked from the base as soon as possible. Otherwise the rose bush will waste precious energy on the unwanted sucker.
Every once in a while you will see a vigorous straggler growing straight from the root stalk — these are suckers. Suckers have different leaves and a different form than the bush and need to be yanked from the base as soon as possible. Otherwise the rose bush will waste precious energy on the unwanted sucker.
Tip: When pruning, keep an eye out for Y-branches. Chuang uses these as spacers between stems that are close to crossing as a guide for open growth (see next photo).
A spacer opens up the base of the plant
Maintain an open form. While pruning, think about the final form of your rosebush as an upright, open hand or vase. You want canes to radiate up and out from the center, ensuring airflow and circulation, and preventing mildew and disease.
Canes that cross the center of the plant or cross another, healthy cane should be pruned. Thin out portions of the plant that have become too dense, all the while remembering the pinkie rule and the outward-facing rule. This is your opportunity to guide the form of your plant.
If too many stems originate from the same part of the cane (Chuang says three or more), or if you notice too many bends and previous cuts in the cane, cut them back.
Avoid having too much of the rosebush in the shade — even its own shade. Ideally, plant rose bushes 3 to 4 feet apart. Think about the sun pattern when pruning; if you have to decide between keeping one of two canes, cut the one that will spend more time in the shade.
Maintain an open form. While pruning, think about the final form of your rosebush as an upright, open hand or vase. You want canes to radiate up and out from the center, ensuring airflow and circulation, and preventing mildew and disease.
Canes that cross the center of the plant or cross another, healthy cane should be pruned. Thin out portions of the plant that have become too dense, all the while remembering the pinkie rule and the outward-facing rule. This is your opportunity to guide the form of your plant.
If too many stems originate from the same part of the cane (Chuang says three or more), or if you notice too many bends and previous cuts in the cane, cut them back.
Avoid having too much of the rosebush in the shade — even its own shade. Ideally, plant rose bushes 3 to 4 feet apart. Think about the sun pattern when pruning; if you have to decide between keeping one of two canes, cut the one that will spend more time in the shade.
Cut one-third or one-fourth off the top. While there is not a steadfast rule, Chuang says that she aims to cut off a third to a fourth of a bush’s overall height when pruning.
She says she often sees roses cut too short, which can inhibit the bush’s ability to regrow or regenerate, because too much of its energy has been removed. Alternatively, if you prune too little, the plant will not rejuvenate, and you will end up with a spreading, unkempt plant that will not produce as well.
She says she often sees roses cut too short, which can inhibit the bush’s ability to regrow or regenerate, because too much of its energy has been removed. Alternatively, if you prune too little, the plant will not rejuvenate, and you will end up with a spreading, unkempt plant that will not produce as well.
Strip leaves after you prune. Some rosarians strip leaves before pruning, but Chuang says leaving them on until after pruning makes it easier to identify the direction of growth when making your cuts. Removing leaves eliminates pests or diseases that may be growing on the plant. If you notice rust or mildew later in the year, simply strip the leaves to prevent spreading.
Shown: Hybrid tea rose Rosa 'Barbra Streisand' before pruning (left) and after (right)
Shown: Hybrid tea rose Rosa 'Barbra Streisand' before pruning (left) and after (right)
Clean up. Remove all fallen leaves and surrounding plant debris. Rose debris is typically not composted, as it doesn't break down quickly, and residual disease and fungus may still live on the leaves. Discard the debris as soon as possible to avoid the spread of any infections.
What to Do After Pruning
Spray. Chuang says two sprays following pruning are key to a healthy plant over winter and into spring. Spray the canes heavily all the way to the ground and even the surrounding ground. Spray from the top down and let the spray blanket the shrub.
The first blooms emerge in Chuang’s garden in mid-April, with the big show coming in mid-May. If you continue to lightly prune throughout the year, Chuang says, you can expect up to five repeat blooms per rose a year, depending on variety.
Spray. Chuang says two sprays following pruning are key to a healthy plant over winter and into spring. Spray the canes heavily all the way to the ground and even the surrounding ground. Spray from the top down and let the spray blanket the shrub.
- Apply a dormancy spray when you will have at least three days without rain and at least 24 hours without freezing temperatures. Dormancy oil is a horticultural oil that smothers pest eggs that may reside on last year’s leaves, canes and the surrounding dirt. Follow the directions on the package. While it’s not necessary to spray immediately after pruning, the sooner you do, the sooner you will eliminate possible pests.
- One week later, apply a mixture of dormancy oil and sulfur. The sulfur will smother fungus spores.
- Alfalfa pellets
- 3/4 cup slow-release fertilizer
- 4 to 5 cups chicken manure
The first blooms emerge in Chuang’s garden in mid-April, with the big show coming in mid-May. If you continue to lightly prune throughout the year, Chuang says, you can expect up to five repeat blooms per rose a year, depending on variety.
Climbing Sally Holmes Rose
Tips for Specific Rose Types:
Tips for Specific Rose Types:
- Climbers: Bend and tie the canes, arching slightly below horizontal, during dormancy. This will produce more prolific blooms. Follow the pinkie rule and don’t cut back the main canes if they're still producing.
- Old garden roses: If they are single-blooming species, prune after blooming. Repeat-blooming roses can be pruned similarly to modern roses but more lightly.
- Miniature roses: Clean up the inside, creating an open, radiating shrub to promote good airflow and circulation. The stem-diameter rule does not apply, but remove any thin, spindly stems.
An extensive list of exclusive trade relationships with quality manufacturers, vendors, artisans, and contractors... Read More
Related Products
Related Stories
Roses
Learn the Secret to Bigger and Better Roses
Grow beautiful roses using both ordinary and unusual soil amendments
Full Story
Vines
Great Garden Combo: Rose + Clematis for Small-Space Impact
We all need somebody to lean on. And when a rose supports a climbing vine, the results can totally transform a small garden
Full Story
Northeast Gardening
6 Rockin’ Red Plants for Winter Gardens
Use the bright berries or branches of these cold-climate favorites for outdoor garden interest or container arrangements anywhere
Full Story
Roses
How to Grow a Rose Garden in Pots
Everything can come up roses, even without a plot of soil in sight. This step-by-step guide to growing roses in containers shows you how
Full Story
Landscape Design
13 Risks to Take for True Garden Rewards
Go ahead, be a rebel. Breaking rules in the garden can lead to more happiness, creativity and connection with the earth
Full Story
Most Popular
What Kind of Roses Should You Grow?
Want to add the beauty of roses to your garden? Find out which ones, from old-fashioned to modern, are right for you
Full Story
Native Plants
7 Native Wildflowers to Make You an Awesome Butterfly Host
Offer the leaves of these and you’ll get more butterflies than with flower nectar alone
Full Story
Roses
6 Captivating Roses for an Alluringly Fragrant Garden
Perfume your garden with aromas from richly spicy to lightly sweet, without sacrificing an inch of color
Full Story
Farm Your Yard
How to Keep Your Citrus Trees Well Fed and Healthy
Ripe for some citrus fertilizer know-how? This mini guide will help your lemon, orange and grapefruit trees flourish
Full Story
We bought a few roses bushes a few years ago at Home Depot that had big beautiful roses and last year when they bloomed they didn’t look at all like the ones we had purchased small and not even the same color. Any advise as to what we might have done wrong or anyway we can get them to produce the bigger roses?
HU, from what you say, it sounds like you had a sucker on each rose. If the sucker is not removed when you see it, the root rose used for grafting will take over and the entire rose reverses to the original rose, which usually is a wild red rose
@ Gayle : although your message is from a year ago, I can say that all our climbing roses have had the stems grown horizontally. It "oblige" the plant to make an effort and grow new stems vertically = more roses.
@HU-574793645 : what you can do is : removing part of the soil and replace it by new fresh one.
Also : when you plant a rose tree : when you dig the hole, before planting, add an almost "rotten" egg and/or one or two peals of banana. Eggshell has many nutrients, and the peal of banana has plenty of potassium.
You can do something else now as we already are in june : either you dig carefully between the roots, add the peal of banana cut in pieces and bring back the soil.
Or, prepare this (it works for all plants) : 1 peal of banana per 1 litre of water. Let sit for 24 hours. then water your plants with it. You can prepare as much as needed and it does not cost a dime.
The most important though for all flowers of the planet is deadheading.
Leaving the seeds coming up is very tiring for the plants.
The more you clean, the more you will have flowers.