Try spraying with a solution of soap and water. I use dawn liquid dish soap. It works well for me, You can add a small amount of canola oil. This won't hurt but it might help. Wait a few days to see what other say. I don't have specs for this and I have now way of describing how much. I do this by feel.

I've actually already been using dawn to try and battle the aphids, etc. This weird dust cloud issue seems to be a whole new problem. A friend of mine who owns a farm gave me some fungicide that I am going to attempt using, then I plan to release ladybugs on my porch to hopefully eat all of the bugs. Hopefully between the two methods, my garden will be back under control.
Still open to any advice/information pertaining to what the dust could be though!

I have been seeing some dust when I water too, but nothing weird is going on because of it. I wouldn't overreact, because once you start a course of sprays or chemicals....who knows what chain reaction will occur.

Unless I see a fungal problem affecting my plants...I wouldn't spray.