FREE shipping on orders over $49!* Details
- All Products
- Bath
- Bathroom Lighting Fixtures
- Bathroom Vanity Lighting
- Number of Lights: 4 To 6 Lights
Hudson Valley Lighting Traditional 4- to 6-Light Bathroom Vanity Lights
Hudson Valley Lighting 5904 Sutton 4 Light 35"W Bathroom Vanity - Bronzeby Hudson Valley Lighting(6)
SALE
$373$466
Free Shipping
Product Features: Finish: Old Bronze , Light Direction: Down Lighting , Width: 35" , Height: 10.25" , Genre: Traditional , Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent , Number of Bulbs: 4 , Fully covered under Hudson Valley Lighting warranty , Location Rating: Indoor Use
Keswick 4-Light Bath and Vanity With Opal Glossy Glass Shade, Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(14)
SALE
$645$806
Free Shipping
Keswick's combination of strength and refinement is equally at home on the English heath or in a Soho flat. We double mount the sconces' j-shaped arm to create a durable and appealing design. Bell-shaped glass, cast swivels, and straight-line knurling on the socket holders enhance the collection's vintage character.
- Shade Finish: Opal
- Socket Ring Shade Attachment
- UL Listed
- Fixtures may be used as uplights or downlights.
- Lighting Info.: 4 x 100W E26 Medium Base Incandescent Bulb (Not Included)
- 120 Volts
- Lighting fixture is rated for Damp Location
Hudson Valley Weston 4-LT Bath Light Bracket 4504-PN - Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$560$700
Free Shipping
SponsoredThis 4-LT Bath Light Bracket from Hudson Valley has a finish of Polished Nickel and fits in well with any Elevated Industrial, The Classics style decor.
- ILLUMINATION
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Socket Type: E26 Medium Base
- # of bulbs: 4
- Max Wattage: 100
- Bulb(s) Included?: No
- STYLE
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Collection: Weston
- Wire/Cord Length(inches): 6
- Shade: Opal Matte Glass
- Glass: Opal Matte
- Material: Steel
- ADDITIONAL INFO
- Damp rated
- Safety Rating: UL
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Weight: 12 lbs.
- Warranty: 1 Year Limited Manufacturer
Varick 4-Light Bath and Vanity, Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(2)
SALE
$77$160
Free Shipping
Embodying the resurgent glamour of postwar America, Varick's custom glass is crowned with a thick ring of glimmering facets. We etch the pressed shade's fluted body for soft diffusion, leaving the faceted cornice clear to enhance its refractive brilliance.
- Shade Finish: Frosted Inside-Clear Outside
- Socket Ring Shade Attachment
- UL Listed
- Fixtures may only be used as uplights.
- Lighting Info.: 4 x 50W G9 Wedgebase G9 Xenon Bulbs (Not Included)
- 120 Volts
- Lighting fixture is rated for Damp Location
Wilton 4-Light Bath and Vanity, Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
$175
Free Shipping
An intricate tension of opposites plays across the Wilton bath collection. Cast linear steps, linked by subtle curves, constitute Wilton's handsome metal socket holder. The bell contour of the opal glass is a unique contrast to its four-sided figure. These fixtures add a sensual touch to your bath without sacrificing neatness and order.
- Shade Finish: Opal
- Socket Ring Shade Attachment
- UL Listed
- Fixtures may be used as uplights or downlights.
- Lighting Info.: 4 x 100W E26 Medium Base Incandescent Bulb (Not Included)
- 120 Volts
- Lighting fixture is rated for Damp Location
Plymouth 4-Light Bath and Vanity, Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(2)
SALE
$194$242
Free Shipping
SponsoredLooped arms hold frosted opal bells in the classically styled Plymouth collection. Hexagonal detail work on the cast socket holders adds appealing contrast to the collection's smooth lines. The shapely design shows vintage inspiration, while appearing perpetually fresh.
- Shade Finish: Opal
- Mouth-Blown Glass
- UL Listed
- Socket Ring Shade Attachment
- Fixtures may be used as uplights or downlights.
- Lighting Info.: 4 x 100W E26 Medium Base Incandescent Bulb (Not Included)
- 120 Volts
- Lighting fixture is rated for Damp Location
Hudson Valley Lighting 1174 Kirkland 4 Light 31"W Bathroom Vanity - Polishedby Hudson Valley Lighting(2)
SALE
$200$778
Free Shipping
Product Features:
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Light Direction: Up Lighting
- Width: 31"
- Height: 9.75"
- Genre: Traditional
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Fully covered under Hudson Valley Lighting warranty
- Location Rating: Indoor Use
Hudson Valley Lighting 2824 Cumberland 4 Light 30"W Bathroom - Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(2)
SALE
$200$312
Free Shipping
Product Features:
- Finish: Satin Nickel
- Light Direction: Down Lighting
- Width: 30"
- Height: 9.5"
- Genre: Traditional
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Fully covered under Hudson Valley Lighting warranty
- Location Rating: Indoor Use
Hudson Valley Lighting 3404 Windham 4 Light 31"W Bathroom Vanity - Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(6)
SALE
$237$296
Free Shipping
Product Features:
- Finish: Satin Nickel
- Light Direction: Up / Down Lighting
- Width: 31.25"
- Height: 9.75"
- Genre: Traditional
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Fully covered under Hudson Valley Lighting warranty
- Location Rating: Indoor Use
Hudson Valley Plymouth 4 Light Bath Bracket in Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$130$145
Free Shipping
- Finish: Satin Nickel
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: A19 Medium Base
- Bulb Included: No
- Wattage: 100 watts
- Voltage: 120v
- Energy Star: No
- Overall Dimensions: 10"(h) x 26"(w)
- Extension: 7"
- Product Weight: 11 lbs.
Cumberland 4-Light Bath Bracket, Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
$312
Free Shipping
The play between cubical and spherical elements recurs throughout Cumberland's design. Square arms and quadrilateral pyramids balance the curvy metal sockets and the smooth almond-shaped finials. A tulip-shaped glass shade with soft edges diffuses the light.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Wattage: 100
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listing: UL
Hebron 4 Light Bath Bracket, Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
$211
Free Shipping
Custom glass gives Hebron a wonderful textural quality. Its deeply pressed and polished bubble glass motif is accented by a simple metal ring at bottom. Etched inside, Hebron spreads an even array of light throughout your space.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Wattage: 35
- Bulb Type: G9 Wedgebase - Xenon Bulb
- Bulb Included: Yes
- UL Listed: Yes
Hudson Valley Chatham 4-LT Bath Light Bracket 6304-PN - Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(5)
SALE
$444$554
Free Shipping
SponsoredThis 4-LT Bath Light Bracket from Hudson Valley has a finish of Polished Nickel and fits in well with any Elevated Industrial style decor.
- ILLUMINATION
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Socket Type: E26 Medium Base
- # of bulbs: 4
- Max Wattage: 100
- Bulb(s) Included?: No
- STYLE
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Collection: Chatham
- Wire/Cord Length(inches): 6
- Shade: Opal Glossy Glass
- Glass: Opal Glossy
- Material: Brass
- ADDITIONAL INFO
- Damp rated
- Safety Rating: UL
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Weight: 12 lbs.
- Warranty: 1 Year Limited Manufacturer
Hudson Valley Sutton 4-Light Bath Bracket in Old Bronzeby Hudson Valley Lighting(3)
SALE
$495$776
Free Shipping
- Finish: Old Bronze
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: A19 Medium Base
- Bulb Included: No
- Wattage: 100 watts
- Voltage: 120v
- Energy Star: No
- Overall Dimensions: 10.25"(h) x 35"(w)
- Extension: 8"
- Product Weight: 12 lbs.
Windham 4-Light Bath Bracket, Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(7)
$328
Free Shipping
Opal glass is mouth-blown to form Windham's detailed diffusers. Stepping along the canopy backplate base bulb base and arms adds subtle decoration. A hang-straight canopy makes Windham adaptable to various mounting surfaces.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Wattage: 100
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listing: UL
Milton 4-Light Bath and Vanity With Glass Shade, Flemish Brassby Hudson Valley Lighting(10)
SALE
$645$806
Free Shipping
The circular nose of a 19th century locomotive lends inspiration to Milton's decorative backplate. Smooth metal rails support intricately tooled lamps, which we cap with opal glass shades. The shades are pressed to resemble pleated fabric and trimmed with contrast metal piping. Milton's attractive details add historic character to any well-appointed space.
- Shade Finish: Opal
- Socket Ring Shade Attachment
- UL Listed
- Fixtures may only be used as uplights.
- Lighting Info.: 4 x 100W E26 Medium Base Incandescent Bulb (Not Included)
- 120 Volts
- Lighting fixture is rated for Damp Location
Windham 4 Light Bath Bracket in Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(5)
$328
Free Shipping
Opal glass is mouth-blown to form Windham's detailed diffusers. Stepping along the canopy backplate base bulb base and arms adds subtle decoration. A hang-straight canopy makes Windham adaptable to various mounting surfaces.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Wattage: 100
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listing: UL
Hudson Valley Weston 5-LT Bath Light Bracket 4505-SN - Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
$404
Free Shipping
This 5-LT Bath Light Bracket from Hudson Valley has a finish of Satin Nickel and fits in well with any Elevated Industrial, The Classics style decor.
- ILLUMINATION
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Socket Type: E26 Medium Base
- # of bulbs: 5
- Max Wattage: 100
- Bulb(s) Included?: No
- STYLE
- Finish: Satin Nickel
- Collection: Weston
- Wire/Cord Length(inches): 6
- Shade: Opal Matte Glass
- Glass: Opal Matte
- Material: Steel
- ADDITIONAL INFO
- Damp rated
- Safety Rating: UL
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Weight: 14 lbs.
- Warranty: 1 Year Limited Manufacturer
Hudson Valley Weston 4-Light Bath Bracket in Polished Nickel - 4504-PNby Hudson Valley Lighting(1)
SALE
$560$700
Free Shipping
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Number of bulbs: 4
- Bulb type: A19 Medium Base
- Bulb included: No
- Wattage: 100 watts
- Voltage: 120v
- Energy star: No
- Overall Dimensions: 10"(H) x 33.75"(W)
- Extension: 7"
- Product Weight: 12 lbs
Hudson Valley Lighting 5504-SN Wilton Collection - Four Light Bath Vanityby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$236$442
Free Shipping
SponsoredDesigns of distinction and manufacturing of the hiWilton Collection Fo Satin Nickel *UL Approved: YES Energy Star Qualified: n/a ADA Certified: n/a *Number of Lights: Lamp: 4-*Wattage:100w A19 Medium Base bulb(s) *Bulb Included:No *Bulb Type:A19 Medium Base *Finish Type:Satin Nickel
Cumberland Bath Bracket - Satin Nickel, 4by Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$500$624
Free Shipping
The play between cubical and spherical elements recurs throughout Cumberland's design. Square arms and quadrilateral pyramids balance the curvy metal sockets and the smooth, almond-shaped finials. A tulip-shaped glass shade with soft edges diffuses the light.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Wattage: 100
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base - A19 Bulb
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listed: Yes
Hudson Valley Milton 4-Light Bath Bracket in Flemish Brass - 2004-FBby Hudson Valley Lighting(10)
SALE
$645$806
Free Shipping
- Finish: Flemish Brass
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: A19 Medium base
- Bulb Included: No
- Wattage: 100 watts
- Voltage: 120v
- Energy Star: No
- Overall Dimensions: 9"(H) x 34"(W)
- Extension: 8.75"
- Product Weight: 15 lbs.
Weston 4-Light Bath Bracket, Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(10)
SALE
$560$700
Free Shipping
Bells of mouth-blown opal glass resound with timeless style in our Weston bath family. Cast oblong-shaped socket bases suggest a variety of styles into which the fixture could fit. Capping the ends of the bath bar with ball finials complements the circular shape of the backplate.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Wattage: 100
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listing: UL
Weston 4 Light Bathroom Vanity Light, Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$560$700
Free Shipping
Bells of mouth-blown opal glass resound with timeless style in our Weston bath family. Cast oblong-shaped socket bases suggest a variety of styles into which the fixture could fit. Capping the ends of the bath bar with ball finials complements the circular shape of the backplate.
- Style: Transitional,Colonial,Early American
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Lead Wire: 6.00
- Width: 33.75 in.
- Height: 10.00 in.
- Extension/Depth: 7.00 in.
- Weight: 7.00 lb.
- Voltage: 120V
- Wattage: 100.00
- Bulbs Included: No
- Primary Bulb(s): 4 x 100.00 watts A19 Medium Base
- Country of Origin: CN
Bristol 953-AGB 4 Light Bath Bracket, Aged Brassby Hudson Valley Lighting
$1,488
Free Shipping
Hospitable flourishes give our Bristol sconce timeless historical appeal. Crown finials cap each end of the cast metalwork and serve as a fitting complement to the fluted glass. Metal hinges facilitate easy bulb changing, while adding authentic detail.
- Width/Diameter : 5.00"
- Height : 30.00"
- Extension : 4.25"
- Backplate/Canopy/Base : 5.00"W x 30.75"H
- Shade Material : glass
- ADA Compliant : No
- Number of Lamps : 4
- Wattage : 60w ea.
Socket Type :
- Plug In : No
Hudson Valley Lighting 953 Bristol 4 Light 31"W Bath Bar - Aged Brassby Hudson Valley Lighting(1)
SALE
$1,191$1,488
Free Shipping
Product Features:
- Finish: Aged Brass
- Light Direction: Ambient Lighting
- Width: 30.5"
- Height: 5"
- Genre: Traditional
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Fully covered under Hudson Valley Lighting warranty
- Location Rating: Indoor Use
Hudson Valley Keswick 4-LT Bath Light Bracket 1974-SN - Satin Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting(29)
SALE
$645$806
Free Shipping
SponsoredThis 4-LT Bath Light Bracket from Hudson Valley has a finish of Satin Nickel and fits in well with any Elevated Industrial, The Classics style decor.
- ILLUMINATION
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Socket Type: E26 Medium Base
- # of bulbs: 4
- Max Wattage: 100
- Bulb(s) Included?: No
- STYLE
- Finish: Satin Nickel
- Collection: Keswick
- Back Plate(inches): 4.75 x 6
- Wire/Cord Length(inches): 6
- Shade: Opal Glossy Glass
- Glass: Opal Glossy
- Material: Steel
- ADDITIONAL INFO
- Damp rated
- Safety Rating: UL
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Weight: 11 lbs.
- Warranty: 1 Year Limited Manufacturer
Hudson Valley Lighting 4505 Weston 5 Light 43"W Bathroom Vanity - Polishedby Hudson Valley Lighting(2)
SALE
$672$840
Free Shipping
Product Features:
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Light Direction: Down Lighting
- Width: 4"
- Height: 10"
- Genre: Traditional
- Bulb Type: Compact Fluorescent, Incandescent
- Number of Bulbs: 5
- Fully covered under Hudson Valley Lighting warranty
- Location Rating: Indoor Use
Hudson Valley Milton Four Light Bath Bracket 2004-FBby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$645$806
Free Shipping
Four Light Bath Bracket from Milton collection in Flemish Brass finish. Number of Bulbs 4. Max Wattage 100.00 . No bulbs included. The circular nose of a 19th-century locomotive lends inspiration to Milton`s decorative backplate. Smooth metal rails support intricately tooled lamps, which we cap with opal glass shades. The shades are pressed to resemble pleated fabric and trimmed with contrast metal piping. Milton`s attractive details add historic character to any well-appointed space. No UL Availability at this time.
Keswick 4-Light Bath Bracket, Aged Brassby Hudson Valley Lighting(11)
$703
Free Shipping
Keswick's combination of strength and refinement is equally at home in a country manor or an urban apartment. We double-mount the sconce's gooseneck arm to create a durable and appealing design. Bell-shaped glass, cast swivels, and straight-line knurling on the socket holders enhance Keswick's vintage character.
- Please note that the knob above the socket holder is purely decorative.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Wattage: 100
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base - A19 Bulb
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listed: Yes
Kent 4 Light Bath Bracket, Polished Chromeby Hudson Valley Lighting
$525
Free Shipping
Kent's tapering square shade complements the curves of the pyramid-shaped backplate. Plumb-bob finials and raised panel details on the cast socket holder display our detailed craftsmanship and enhance the family's classic appearance.
- Number of Bulbs: 4
- Wattage: 100
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base - A19 Bulb
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listed: Yes
Keswick 4 Light Bathroom Vanity Light, Polished Chromeby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$645$806
Free Shipping
Keswick's combination of strength and refinement is equally at home in a country manor or an urban apartment. We double-mount the sconce's gooseneck arm to create a durable and appealing design. Bell-shaped glass, cast swivels, and straight-line knurling on the socket holders enhance Keswick's vintage character.
- Style: Contemporary,Country,Early American,Farmhouse,French Country,Restoration,Shabby Chic
- Finish: Polished Chrome
- Material: Chrome
- Lead Wire: 6.00
- Width: 29.00 in.
- Height: 11.00 in.
- Extension/Depth: 8.00 in.
- Weight: 8.00 lb.
- Voltage: 120V
- Wattage: 100.00
- Bulbs Included: No
- Primary Bulb(s): 4 x 100.00 watts A19 Medium Base
- Country of Origin: CN
Malcolm 4 Light Bathroom Vanity Light, Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$664$830
Free Shipping
Malcolm offers a modern adaptation of an Art Deco-style lighting fixture of the sort you might see in old buildings in Manhattan. Both practical and luxurious, Malcolm is a bath bar that mounts either vertically or horizontally. Its opal matte glass diffuser softens the glow, making for a better reflection by putting you in your best light.
- Style: Contemporary,Art Deco
- Finish: Polished Nickel
- Glass: White
- Material: Metal and Glass
- Width: 4.75 in.
- Height: 30.00 in.
- Extension/Depth: 4.00 in.
- Backplate/Canopy Width: 4.25 in.
- Backplate/Canopy Length: 24.25 in.
- Weight: 15.00 lb.
- Voltage: 120V
- Wattage: 60.00
- Safety Rating: UL Listed Interior
- ADA Approved
- Bulbs Included: No
- Primary Bulb(s): 4 x 60.00 watts E26 Incandescent
- Country of Origin: CN
Hudson Valley Bristol 4-Light Bath Bracket, Aged Brassby Hudson Valley Lighting(1)
SALE
$1,191$1,488
Free Shipping
SponsoredHospitable flourishes give our Bristol sconce timeless historical appeal. Crown finials cap each end of the cast metalwork and serve as a fitting complement to the fluted glass. Metal hinges facilitate easy bulb changing, while adding authentic detail.
- Illumination
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base - T10 Bulb
- # of bulbs: 4
- Max Wattage/bulb: 60
- Bulb(s) Included: No
- Style
- Finish: Aged Brass
- Collection: Bristol
- Wire/Cord Length: 6"
- Material: Metal
- Additional Info
- Voltage: 120
- Weight: 9 lbs.
Weston 5 Light Bath Bracket in Polished Nickelby Hudson Valley Lighting
$840
Free Shipping
Bells of mouth-blown opal glass resound with timeless style in our Weston bath family. Cast oblong-shaped socket bases suggest a variety of styles into which the fixture could fit. Capping the ends of the bath bar with ball finials complements the circular shape of the backplate.
- Number of Bulbs: 5
- Bulb Type: E26 Medium Base
- Wattage: 100
- Voltage: 120 VAC
- Bulb Included: No
- UL Listing: UL
Hudson Valley Weston Five Light Bath Bracket 4505-SNby Hudson Valley Lighting
SALE
$672$840
Free Shipping
Five Light Bath Bracket from Weston collection in Satin Nickel finish. Number of Bulbs 5. Max Wattage 100.00 . No bulbs included. Bells of mouth-blown opal glass resound with timeless style in our Weston bath family. Cast oblong-shaped socket bases suggest a variety of styles into which the fixture could fit. Capping the ends of the bath bar with ball finials complements the circular shape of the backplate. No UL Availability at this time.
Frequently Asked Questions
How wide should a light fixture be over a bathroom vanity?
To achieve a harmonious balance, the light fixture width should generally be about ¾ the width of the vanity. This guideline helps ensure the lighting complements the vanity without overpowering it. Here are some suggested ranges based on vanity size:- 24-inch vanity: 18 inches wide light.
- 30-inch vanity: 22-24 inches.
- 36-inch vanity: 27-28 inches.
- 48-inch vanity: 35-37 inches.
- 60-inch vanity: 45-48 inches.
- 72-inch vanity: 53-55 inches.
Do I need a vanity light with a lighted mirror?
While a lighted mirror provides focused illumination, beneficial for precision tasks like makeup application or shaving, adding vanity lights enhances the roomʼs ambiance and design. Vanity lights offer more diffuse, ambient lighting that can soften shadows and create a welcoming atmosphere. The combination of both ensures a well-lit space that is functional and aesthetically pleasing, complementing the bathroomʼs overall design.What is the best color temperature for bathroom vanity lights?
A warm white light, with a color temperature between 2700K to 3000K, is typically recommended for bathroom vanity lights, offering a soft, natural glow conducive to grooming tasks. For a cooler, more invigorating light, suitable for task lighting or to complement modern bathroom aesthetics, consider color temperatures around 3500K to 4000K. Adjust the temperature based on personal preference and the bathroomʼs design theme.How high should the vanity lights be?
The optimal positioning of vanity lights is influenced by multiple factors, such as the size of the mirror, the roomʼs ceiling height, and the height of those using the space. As a rule of thumb, the lights should ideally be mounted about 75 to 80 inches off the floor. However, itʼs important to tailor this guideline to accommodate the specific height of your mirror and the overall layout of your bathroom. To ensure proper lighting without casting unwanted shadows or glare, the lights should be placed a few inches above the top of the mirror, with adjustments made depending on the intensity and direction of the light. This careful placement helps achieve a balanced illumination that enhances visibility and functionality.Do vanity lights need a junction box?
Most vanity lights require a junction box for a secure and code-compliant electrical connection. Junction boxes are typically not included with light fixtures and should be purchased separately. They are readily available at hardware stores or online. Itʼs important to ensure the junction box is compatible with your lighting fixture and installation space.